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"en": "A significant part of the restoration of mires and forests, as well as related research, has been carried out in southern Finland, where protected areas are small and fragmented, and their natural state has been degraded. In northern Finland, protected areas are large in area, and even areas affected by forestry are located adjacent to or in close proximity to natural areas. For this reason, the goals, practices, and research questions related to restoration in northern Finnish protected areas may at times differ significantly from those in southern Finland.\n\nIn the GreenBelt LIFE project (LIFE04 NAT/FI/000078), which began in 2004 in Koillismaa and Kainuu, a total of 600 hectares of forest and 362 hectares of mires were restored between 2005 and 2007. The comparison of the success of these measures and the study of their ecological impacts forms the first comprehensive restoration research project in northern Finland and one of the most extensive restoration studies in the entire country.\n\n####Methods\n\nThe study compares the effects of different restoration measures on mires in Kainuu and Northern Ostrobothnia. Restoration methods include timber harvesting or whole-tree harvesting, as well as ditch blocking. The research focuses on hydrology, vegetation and tree structure, litter decomposition, and peat mineralization.\n\nRestoration experiments were established in three Natura 2000 areas managed by Metsähallitus at the beginning of the GreenBelt LIFE project . The Natura 2000 areas locate in Kuhmo (Elimyssalo, Iso-Palonen-Maariansärkät, Teerisuo-Lososuo). These areas represent typical aapa mires that were drained in the 1970s and 1980s. Additional research sites are located outside the project area around the Bothnian Bay (Tauvo in Siikajoki). \n\nIn the planning phase of the study in 2005, a total of 12 mire areas were selected—10 in Kuhmo and two in the Bothnian Bay region, Siikajoki. In Kuhmo, timber harvesting was carried out on 7 mires and whole-tree harvesting on 3 mires, with a nearby natural mire serving as a reference. In Siikajoki, both mire areas underwent timber harvesting, with a natural mire and an unrestored drained mire serving as references.\n\nBaseline measurements before restoration were conducted between 2005 and 2007. Post-restoration monitoring began immediately after the measures. In Kuhmo, restoration was carried out by removing the tree stand according to the experimental design during the winter of 2006–2007 and blocking the ditches in August 2007, after which monitoring of the restoration began. In Siikajoki, the measures were implemented one year later.\n\n####Survey\n\nIn Kuhmo, a total of 546 table water wells were installed in the mires to measure water level. Water acidity and temperature were measured in some of the wells during the first study years. Measurements were taken once a month from May to October during 2005–2006 and before restoration in July–August 2007. After restoration, measurements were conducted monthly from May to October during 2006–2009 and in May, August, and October during 2010–2013. In a similar way, 114 table water wells were installed in Siikajoki, and they were monitored during 2006–2014.\n\nAdditionally, separate sampling wells were established on two natural mires (4 each) and on two restored mires for both harvest treatment (3 next to a ditch and 3 in the middle of the mire). From these wells, water samples were collected in May, August, and October during 2008–2013 to monitor nutrient leaching.\n\nVegetation succession, tree structure, litter decomposition, and peat mineralization were monitored around table water wells or from squares established next to the wells. Some of the wells were selected for monitoring in the middle of the strip and next to the ditch, as well as in a natural mire. These variables were monitored periodically. More detailed information describing the variables and measurements can be found in separate files. In addition, there is a model image of the layout of the monitoring sites in its own file.\n\nThe open data includes the model of monitoring layout, experimental plot information, measurement times, and variable descriptions as well as their relations. Data will be open after it has been published.",
"fi": "Merkittävä osa soiden ja metsien ennallistamisesta sekä ennallistamista koskevasta tutkimuksesta on toteutettu eteläisessä Suomessa, jossa suojelualueet ovat kooltaan pieniä ja pirstaleisia, ja niiden luonnontilaisuus on heikentynyt. Pohjois-Suomessa suojelualueet ovat pinta-alaltaan suuria, ja metsätalouden heikentämätkin alueet sijaitsevat luonnontilaisten alueiden yhteydessä tai niiden välittömässä läheisyydessä. Tästä syystä pohjoissuomalaisten suojelualueiden ennallistamisen tavoitteet, käytännöt sekä tutkimuskysymykset voivat ajoittain poiketa merkittävästikin Etelä-Suomen tavoitteista ja käytännöistä. \n\nKoillismaalla ja Kainuussa vuonna 2004 käynnistyneessä GreenBelt LIFE –hankkeessa (LIFE04 NAT/FI/000078) ennallistettiin yhteensä 600 ha metsää ja 362 ha soita vuosien 2005-2007 aikana. Toimenpiteiden onnistumisen vertailu ja luontovaikutusten tutkimus muodostavat ensimmäisen yhtenäisen ennallistamisen tutkimushankkeen Pohjois-Suomessa ja erään laajimmista ennallistamistutkimuksista koko maassa.\n\n#### Menetelmät\n\nTässä tutkimuksessa vertaillaan erilaisten ennallistamistoimien vaikutusta suoluontoon Kainuussa ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla. Soiden ennallistamismenetelminä ovat ainespuukorjuu tai kokopuunkorjuu sekä ojien tukkiminen. Tutkimuskohteina ovat soiden vesitalous, kasvillisuuden ja puuston rakenne, karikkeen hajoaminen ja turpeen mineralisaatio. \n\nSoiden ennallistamiskokeet perustettiin kolmelle Metsähallituksen hallinnoimalle Natura2000 –alueelle Kuhmossa (Elimyssalo, Iso-Palonen-Maariansärkät, Teerisuo-Lososuo) GreenBelt LIFE -hankkeen alussa. Alueet edustavat tyypillisiä aapasoita, jotka on ojitettu 1970–1980-luvuilla. Soiden ennallistamisen tutkimuskohteita on myös hankealueen ulkopuolella Perämeren ympäristössä Siikajoen Tauvossa. \n\nTutkimuksen suunnitteluvaiheessa vuonna 2005 valittiin yhteensä 12 suoaluetta, joista 10 sijaitsi Kuhmossaja kaksi Perämeren ympäristössä Siikajoella. Kuhmossa ainespuukorjuu toteutettiin 7 suolla ja kokopuukorjuu 3 suolla ja suoalueen lähellä sijaitseva luonnontilainen suo oli verrokkina. Siikajoella molemmilla suoalueilla käsittelynä oli ainespuukorjuu ja verrokkina oli luonnontilainen suo sekä ennallistamaton ojitettu suo.\n\nLähtötilanteen mittaukset ennen ennallistamista tehtiin vuosien 2005–2007 aikana. Ennallistamisen jälkeinen seuranta aloitettiin heti toimien jälkeen. Kuhmossa ennallistaminen toteutettiin poistamalla puusto koeasetelman mukaisesti talvella 2006–2007 ja tukkimalla ojat elokuussa 2007, jonka jälkeen varsinainen ennallistumisen seuranta aloitettiin. Siikajoella toimet tehtiin vuotta myöhemmin.\n\n\n#### Seuranta\n\nKuhmossa soille perustettiin yhteensä 546 pohjavesikaivoa veden korkeuden mittausta varten. Veden happamuus ja lämpötila mitattiin alkuvuosina osasta kaivoja. Mittauksia tehtiin kerran kuussa touko-lokakuun välisenä aikana vuosina 2005–2006 ja ennen ojien tukkimista heinä-elokuussa 2007. Ennallistamisen jälkeen mittaukset tehtiin kuukausittain touko-lokakuun välisenä aikana vuosina 2006–2009 ja touko-, elo- ja lokakuussa vuosina 2010–2013. Siikajoella perustettiin vastaavasti 114 pohjavesikaivoa, joista mittauksia tehtiin vuosina 2006–2014. \n\nLisäksi Kuhmossa perustettiin erilliset kaivot ravinteiden huuhtoutumisen seurantaan kahdelle luonnontilaiselle suolle ja neljälle ennallistetulle suolle, joista kahdella oli toteutettu ainespuukorjuu ja kahdella kokopuukorjuu. Luonnontilaiselle suolle sijoitettiin neljä kaivoa. Ennallistetuille soille sijoitettiin kolme kaivoa ojan viereen ja kolme saran keskelle. Kaivoista otettiin vesinäytteet touko-, elo- ja lokakuussa vuosina 2008–2013. \n\nKasvillisuuden sukkessiota, puuston rakennetta, karikkeen hajoamista ja turpeen mineralisaatiota seurattiin pohjavesikaivojen ympäriltä tai niiden läheisyyteen perustetuilta ruuduilta. Seurantaa varten valittiin osa pohjavesikaivoista saran keskeltä ja ojan vierestä sekä luonnontilaiselta suolta. Näiden muuttujien seuranta tehtiin määräajoin. Muuttujia ja mittauksia kuvaavat tarkemmat tiedot löytyvät erillisistä tiedostoista. Lisäksi omana tiedostonaan on mallikuva seurantakohteiden asettelusta.\n\nAvoimena datana löytyvät seurantakohteiden asettelu, koealatiedot, mittauskerrat sekä muuttujat ja niiden väliset yhteydet. Varsinainen mittausdata julkaistaan sen jälkeen, kun tulokset on julkaistu."
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"fi": "Tämä vaalitutkimus koostuu kahdesta vuoden 2007 eduskuntavaalien jälkeen kerätystä osasta: käyntikyselyllä kerätystä aineistosta ja nk. perävaunulomakkeella kysytystä aineistosta. Aineisto sisältää yliotoksen ruotsinkielisestä väestöstä. Käyntikyselyaineisto on Suomen osuus kansainvälisestä CSES-hankkeesta. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä kyselyosuudessa vastaajalta tiedusteltiin, kuinka kiinnostunut hän on politiikasta ja minkä verran hän seurasi eduskuntavaaleja eri tiedotusvälineistä. Kysyttiin myös, mihin ryhmään vastaaja samaistuu ensisijaisesti, mihin yhteiskuntaluokkaan hän katsoo kuuluvansa, kuinka vakiintunut hänen puoluekantansa on ja mitä hän olisi valmis tekemään tärkeäksi kokemiensa asioiden edistämiseksi. Asenneväittämin kartoitettiin vastaajan mielipiteitä äänestämisestä, eduskuntavaaleihin osallistumisesta, kansalaispätevyydestä sekä instituutioista. Internetiin liittyen kysyttiin, onko vastaaja kirjoittanut internetissä nimensä vetoomuksiin, nimenkeräyksiin tai toimintalistoihin, ottanut yhteyttä poliittisiin päätöksentekijöihin tai keskustellut politiikasta. Seuraavaksi tiedusteltiin vastaajan mahdollisia kunnallisia luottamustehtäviä ja puoluejäsenyyttä. Lisäksi haluttiin tietää, mitä tavoitteita vastaajan vaalipiiristä eduskuntaan päässeiden ehdokkaiden tulisi ajaa. Vastaajaa pyydettiin myös nimeämään eduskuntavaalien tärkeimpiä asiakysymyksiä sekä Suomen vakavimpia yhteiskunnallisia ongelmia. Edelleen kysyttiin, onko sillä merkitystä kenen hallussa poliittinen päätösvalta on tai ketä äänestää ja miten Matti Vanhasen hallitus suoriutui tehtävistään. Lisäksi tiedusteltiin, mihin kohtaan vasemmisto-oikeisto -akselilla vastaaja sijoittaisi eri puolueet, Matti Vanhasen, Eero Heinäluoman, Jyrki Kataisen ja itsensä. Vastaajalta kysyttiin myös puolueiden erottumisesta vaalikampanjan aikana, vaalikampanjoinnin seuraamisesta ja demokratian toimivuudesta Suomessa. Vastaajalta kysyttiin, äänestikö hän vuoden 2007 eduskuntavaaleissa, mitä puoluetta hän äänesti tai olisi äänestänyt ja oliko näissä vaaleissa sellaista puoluetta, jota hän ei missään nimessä olisi äänestänyt. Mikäli vastaaja ei äänestänyt, tiedusteltiin häneltä syitä siihen. Äänestämässä käyneiltä kysyttiin mm. paljonko eri syyt vaikuttivat puolue- ja ehdokasvalintaan, äänestikö omaa sukupuolta olevaa ehdokasta ja minkä ikäistä ehdokasta äänesti. Lisäksi tiedusteltiin, äänestikö vastaaja vuoden 2003 eduskuntavaaleissa. Lopuksi esitettiin vielä muutama kysymys, joilla testattiin vastaajan tietotasoa. Varsinaista kyselyä seuranneessa vastaajien itse täyttämässä lomakkeessa eli ns. perävaunussa selvitettiin, miten tärkeitä vaaleissa esille nousseet asiat ja tavoitteet olivat vastaajalle sekä mitä mieltä vastaaja on erilaisista väitteistä, jotka käsittelivät mm. työntekijän irtisanomista, tuloerojen kasvua ja kuudetta ydinvoimalaa. Kysyttiin myös, mistä vastaaja sai äänestyspäätöksen kannalta tarpeellista tietoa sekä mitä mieltä hän on ehdokasvalintaa, Suomen kansainvälisiä suhteita ja politiikkaa yleensä koskevista väittämistä. Lisäksi vastaajalta kysyttiin, mihin ryhmiin hän kuuluu, kuinka usein hän keskustelee politiikasta muiden ihmisten kanssa ja miten hän toimisi, jos internetissä voisi äänestää eduskunnan käsittelyssä olevista kysymyksistä. Kysyttiin myös, millainen merkitys puolueiden puheenjohtajilla on puolueensa kannatukselle, pitäisikö valinnanvapautta julkisella sektorilla lisätä, pitäisikö sosiaaliuudistuksia lisätä, ovatko asiat nyt paremmin kuin kaksi vuotta sitten, miltä näyttää tulevaisuus kahden vuoden kuluttua, kuinka tyytyväinen vastaaja on taloudelliseen tilanteeseensa ja elämäänsä yleensä. Tutkimusaineiston k-alkuiset muuttujat ovat kansallisen eduskuntavaalitutkimuksen sisältömuuttujia, q-alkuiset ovat kansainvälisen CSES-lomakkeen sisältömuuttujia, p-alkuiset ovat perävaunulomakkeen muuttujia, a-alkuiset ovat kansainvälisen CSES-lomakkeen hallinnollisia muuttujia ja d-alkuiset ovat taustamuuttujia. Taustamuuttujina olivat mm. syntymävuosi, sukupuoli, koulutus, siviilisääty, ammattiliitto, elämäntilanne, ammattiryhmä, talouden vuositulot, uskonnollisuus, äidinkieli, asuinpaikkakunta, asumismuoto ja vaalipiiri."
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"en": "CSC – IT Center for Science",
"fi": "CSC - Tieteen tietotekniikan keskus Oy",
"sv": "CSC – IT Center for Science",
"und": "CSC - Tieteen tietotekniikan keskus Oy"
},
"url": "http://uri.suomi.fi/codelist/fairdata/organization/code/09206320",
"in_scheme": "http://uri.suomi.fi/codelist/fairdata/organization"
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"description": {
"en": "Location (x,y) and name of educational institutions. Statistical reference year 2020. Data includes a location and a name of every comprehensive and upper secondary level schools in Finland. The source of data is the yearly updated register of educational institutions which is maintained by Statistics Finland. An educational institution is defined as an administrative unit as such not the school building or the operating place. Coordinates are mostly accurate based on the centroid of the building althought there exists some educational institutions with estimated coordinates. Estimations are based to the street address of the educational institutions. \n\nValidity (OLO): \n0 = Valid \n1 = Closed down during the statistical year \n2 = Merged with another educational institution during the statistical year \n3 = Educational institution removed from the educational institutions of the education system \n6 = Educational institution had no activity during the statistical year \n7 = Technical removal \n\nThere are 4 types of educational institutes (OLTYP): \n11 = Comprehensive schools \n12 = Comprehensive school level special education schools \n15 = Upper secondary general schools \n19 = Comprehensive and upper secondary level schools\n\nAdditional information: [Statistics Finland, Educational institutions](https://www.stat.fi/tup/rajapintapalvelut/oppilaitokset_en.html)\n\nThe data format has been changed to Shape at CSC. \nCoordinate Reference System: ETRS89 / ETRS-TM35FIN (EPSG:3067)",
"fi": "Oppilaitosten sijainti ja nimi, Tilastovuosi 2020. Peruskoulujen, lukioiden ja yhtenäiskoulujen sijainti (x,y) ja nimi poimittuna Tilastokeskuksen oppilaitosrekisteristä. Vuosittain keväällä päivitettävä oppilaitosrekisteri sisältää tietoa oppilaitoksista. Oppilaitosrekisterin oppilaitoksilla tarkoitetaan hallinnollista yksikköä eikä sinänsä koulurakennusta tai toimipaikkaa. Tilastokeskus ylläpitää oppilaitosrekisteriä oppilaitoksia kuvaavien tilastojen tuottamiseksi. Peruskoulujen sijaintitietoja voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi koulupiirien suunnitteluun. \n\nVoimassaolo (OLO): \n0 = Voimassaoleva \n1 = Lakkautettu tilastovuonna \n2 = Yhdistynyt toiseen oppilaitokseen tilastovuonna \n3 = Oppilaitos poistettu koululaitoksen oppilaitoksista \n6 = Oppilaitoksessa ei ole toimintaa tilastovuonna \n7 = Tekninen poisto \n\nOppilaitostyyppi (OLTYP): \n11 = Peruskoulut \n12 = Peruskouluasteen erityiskoulut \n15 = Lukiot \n19 = Perus- ja lukioasteen koulut \n\nLisätietoja: [Tilastokeskus, Oppilaitokset](https://www.stat.fi/tup/rajapintapalvelut/oppilaitokset.html)\n\nMuunnos Shape formaattiin on tehty CSC:llä. \nKoordinaattijärjestelmä: ETRS-TM35FIN (EPSG:3067)"
},
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{
"id": "7334f2e9-1aae-4b87-9088-8226211b06c9",
"url": "http://www.yso.fi/onto/okm-tieteenala/ta1171",
"in_scheme": "http://www.yso.fi/onto/okm-tieteenala/conceptscheme",
"pref_label": {
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"fi": "Geotieteet",
"sv": "Geovetenskaper"
}
},
{
"id": "27ad92ae-71a5-4cf1-896c-fbbdecf2289d",
"url": "http://www.yso.fi/onto/okm-tieteenala/ta519",
"in_scheme": "http://www.yso.fi/onto/okm-tieteenala/conceptscheme",
"pref_label": {
"en": "Social and economic geography",
"fi": "Yhteiskuntamaantiede, talousmaantiede",
"sv": "Socialgeografi och ekonomisk geografi"
}
}
],
"infrastructure": [],
"issued": "2021-06-24",
"keyword": [
"Paituli"
],
"language": [
{
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"url": "http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/zxx",
"in_scheme": "http://lexvo.org/id/",
"pref_label": {
"en": "Not applicable",
"fi": "ei kielellistä sisältöä",
"sv": "inget språkligt innehåll"
}
}
],
"metadata_owner": {
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"organization": "csc.fi",
"admin_organization": "csc.fi"
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"persistent_identifier": "urn:nbn:fi:att:30c8fcaa-e81c-4c68-a261-08c396beabd8",
"pid_generated_by_fairdata": true,
"projects": [],
"provenance": [],
"relation": [],
"remote_resources": [
{
"title": {
"en": "Oppilaitokset 2020"
},
"use_category": {
"id": "ed5844fc-6309-4a8f-98bb-e18c1aec9fdc",
"url": "http://uri.suomi.fi/codelist/fairdata/use_category/code/outcome",
"in_scheme": "http://uri.suomi.fi/codelist/fairdata/use_category",
"pref_label": {
"en": "Outcome material",
"fi": "Tulosaineisto"
}
},
"download_url": "https://paituli.csc.fi/download?data_id=tike_oppilaitokset_milj_2020_shape_euref"
},
{
"title": {
"en": "Files in folder view",
"fi": "Tiedostot hakemistonäkymässä"
},
"use_category": {
"id": "ed5844fc-6309-4a8f-98bb-e18c1aec9fdc",
"url": "http://uri.suomi.fi/codelist/fairdata/use_category/code/outcome",
"in_scheme": "http://uri.suomi.fi/codelist/fairdata/use_category",
"pref_label": {
"en": "Outcome material",
"fi": "Tulosaineisto"
}
},
"access_url": "https://www.nic.funet.fi/index/geodata/tilastokeskus/oppilaitokset/2020/"
}
],
"spatial": [
{
"geographic_name": "Suomi",
"reference": {
"id": "684b98e8-d5c1-4a59-9247-4793cbbd38e4",
"url": "http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p94426",
"in_scheme": "http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/places",
"pref_label": {
"en": "Finland",
"fi": "Suomi",
"sv": "Finland"
},
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"title": {
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"fi": "Oppilaitokset 2022"
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"modified": "2026-09-03T12:47:36Z",
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"en": "Location (x,y) and name of educational institutions. Statistical reference year 2025. Data includes a location and a name of every comprehensive and upper secondary level schools in Finland. The source of data is the yearly updated register of educational institutions which is maintained by Statistics Finland. An educational institution is defined as an administrative unit as such not the school building or the operating place. Coordinates are mostly accurate based on the centroid of the building althought there exists some educational institutions with estimated coordinates. Estimations are based to the street address of the educational institutions. \n\nValidity (OLO): \n0 = Valid \n1 = Closed down during the statistical year \n2 = Merged with another educational institution during the statistical year \n3 = Educational institution removed from the educational institutions of the education system \n6 = Educational institution had no activity during the statistical year \n7 = Technical removal \n\nThere are 4 types of educational institutes (OLTYP): \n11 = Comprehensive schools \n12 = Comprehensive school level special education schools \n15 = Upper secondary general schools \n19 = Comprehensive and upper secondary level schools\n\nAdditional information: [Statistics Finland, Educational institutions](https://www.stat.fi/tup/rajapintapalvelut/oppilaitokset_en.html)\n\nThe data format has been changed to Shape at CSC. \nCoordinate Reference System: ETRS89 / ETRS-TM35FIN (EPSG:3067)",
"fi": "Oppilaitosten sijainti ja nimi, Tilastovuosi 2025. Peruskoulujen, lukioiden ja yhtenäiskoulujen sijainti (x,y) ja nimi poimittuna Tilastokeskuksen oppilaitosrekisteristä. Vuosittain keväällä päivitettävä oppilaitosrekisteri sisältää tietoa oppilaitoksista. Oppilaitosrekisterin oppilaitoksilla tarkoitetaan hallinnollista yksikköä eikä sinänsä koulurakennusta tai toimipaikkaa. Tilastokeskus ylläpitää oppilaitosrekisteriä oppilaitoksia kuvaavien tilastojen tuottamiseksi. Peruskoulujen sijaintitietoja voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi koulupiirien suunnitteluun. \n\nVoimassaolo (OLO): \n0 = Voimassaoleva \n1 = Lakkautettu tilastovuonna \n2 = Yhdistynyt toiseen oppilaitokseen tilastovuonna \n3 = Oppilaitos poistettu koululaitoksen oppilaitoksista \n6 = Oppilaitoksessa ei ole toimintaa tilastovuonna \n7 = Tekninen poisto \n\nOppilaitostyyppi (OLTYP): \n11 = Peruskoulut \n12 = Peruskouluasteen erityiskoulut \n15 = Lukiot \n19 = Perus- ja lukioasteen koulut \n\nLisätietoja: [Tilastokeskus, Oppilaitokset](https://www.stat.fi/tup/rajapintapalvelut/oppilaitokset.html)\n\nMuunnos Shape formaattiin on tehty CSC:llä. \nKoordinaattijärjestelmä: ETRS-TM35FIN (EPSG:3067)"
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"fi": "Yhteiskuntamaantiede, talousmaantiede",
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}
}
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"infrastructure": [],
"issued": "2026-09-03",
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"fi": "ei kielellistä sisältöä",
"sv": "inget språkligt innehåll"
}
}
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{
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"pref_label": {
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"fi": "ei kielellistä sisältöä",
"sv": "inget språkligt innehåll"
}
}
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},
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},
{
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"en": "Population grid data 2025, 1 km x 1 km",
"fi": "Väestöruutuaineisto 2025, 1 km x 1 km"
},
"persistent_identifier": "urn:nbn:fi:fd-3c8726d1-4528-3a00-87c7-fcd28485e536",
"state": "published",
"created": "2026-09-03T12:39:15Z",
"version": 1
}
],
"published_revision": 1,
"version": 1,
"api_version": 3,
"metadata_repository": "Fairdata",
"record_created": "2026-09-03T12:39:15Z",
"record_modified": "2026-09-03T12:39:16Z"
}
]
}
