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"title": {
"en": "Räsänen, Vesala, Rönnholm, Arppe, Manninen, Jylhä, Rikkinen, Pellikka, Rinne: Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites",
"fi": "Räsänen, Vesala, Rönnholm, Arppe, Manninen, Jylhä, Rikkinen, Pellikka, Rinne: Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites"
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"en": "<jats:p>Abstract. Termites play an essential role in decomposing dead plant\nmaterial in tropical ecosystems and are thus major sources of gaseous C\nemissions in many environments. In African savannas, fungus-growing termites\nare among the ecologically most influential termite species. We studied the\ngas exchange from mounds of two closely related fungus-growing species\n(Macrotermes subhyalinus and M. michaelseni, respectively) in two habitats representing different vegetation types\n(grassland, bushland) together with soil fluxes around the mounds. The\nfluxes from active termite mounds varied from 120 to 2100 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1 for carbon dioxide (CO2) and from 0.06 to 3.7 mg CH4–C m−2 h−1 for methane (CH4) fluxes. Mound CO2 fluxes varied\nseasonally with a 64 % decrease and 41 % increase in the fluxes from\nthe dry to wet season at the grassland and bushland sites, respectively. During\nthe wet season, the CO2 fluxes were significantly correlated with\ntermite mound volume. The diurnal measurements from two M. michaelseni mounds suggest that\nthe gas fluxes peak during the daytime, possibly reflecting changes in mound\ninternal air circulation. Soil fluxes of both CO2 and CH4 were\nenhanced at up to 2 m distance from the mounds compared to the local soil\nrespiration, indicating that, in addition to mound ventilation structures, a\nsmall proportion of the metabolic gases produced also leave the nest via\nsurrounding soils.\n </jats:p>",
"fi": "<jats:p>Abstract. Termites play an essential role in decomposing dead plant\nmaterial in tropical ecosystems and are thus major sources of gaseous C\nemissions in many environments. In African savannas, fungus-growing termites\nare among the ecologically most influential termite species. We studied the\ngas exchange from mounds of two closely related fungus-growing species\n(Macrotermes subhyalinus and M. michaelseni, respectively) in two habitats representing different vegetation types\n(grassland, bushland) together with soil fluxes around the mounds. The\nfluxes from active termite mounds varied from 120 to 2100 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1 for carbon dioxide (CO2) and from 0.06 to 3.7 mg CH4–C m−2 h−1 for methane (CH4) fluxes. Mound CO2 fluxes varied\nseasonally with a 64 % decrease and 41 % increase in the fluxes from\nthe dry to wet season at the grassland and bushland sites, respectively. During\nthe wet season, the CO2 fluxes were significantly correlated with\ntermite mound volume. The diurnal measurements from two M. michaelseni mounds suggest that\nthe gas fluxes peak during the daytime, possibly reflecting changes in mound\ninternal air circulation. Soil fluxes of both CO2 and CH4 were\nenhanced at up to 2 m distance from the mounds compared to the local soil\nrespiration, indicating that, in addition to mound ventilation structures, a\nsmall proportion of the metabolic gases produced also leave the nest via\nsurrounding soils.\n </jats:p>",
"und": "<jats:p>Abstract. Termites play an essential role in decomposing dead plant\nmaterial in tropical ecosystems and are thus major sources of gaseous C\nemissions in many environments. In African savannas, fungus-growing termites\nare among the ecologically most influential termite species. We studied the\ngas exchange from mounds of two closely related fungus-growing species\n(Macrotermes subhyalinus and M. michaelseni, respectively) in two habitats representing different vegetation types\n(grassland, bushland) together with soil fluxes around the mounds. The\nfluxes from active termite mounds varied from 120 to 2100 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1 for carbon dioxide (CO2) and from 0.06 to 3.7 mg CH4–C m−2 h−1 for methane (CH4) fluxes. Mound CO2 fluxes varied\nseasonally with a 64 % decrease and 41 % increase in the fluxes from\nthe dry to wet season at the grassland and bushland sites, respectively. During\nthe wet season, the CO2 fluxes were significantly correlated with\ntermite mound volume. The diurnal measurements from two M. michaelseni mounds suggest that\nthe gas fluxes peak during the daytime, possibly reflecting changes in mound\ninternal air circulation. Soil fluxes of both CO2 and CH4 were\nenhanced at up to 2 m distance from the mounds compared to the local soil\nrespiration, indicating that, in addition to mound ventilation structures, a\nsmall proportion of the metabolic gases produced also leave the nest via\nsurrounding soils.\n </jats:p>"
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"en": "Vesala, Räsänen, Leitner, Mulat, Mwangala, Rikkinen, Arppe: Mound architecture and season affect concentrations of <scp>CO<sub>2</sub></scp>, <scp>CH<sub>4</sub></scp> and <scp>N<sub>2</sub>O</scp> in nests of African fungus‐growing termites",
"fi": "Vesala, Räsänen, Leitner, Mulat, Mwangala, Rikkinen, Arppe: Mound architecture and season affect concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O in nests of African fungus‐growing termites"
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"description": {
"en": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p><jats:list>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Termites are a significant natural source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), but quantifying emissions especially from large termite mounds is problematic as they rarely fit in measurement chambers. Predicting fluxes based on internal and atmospheric concentrations could provide an indirect way to assess mound emissions, but developing such models necessitates better understanding of the concentration levels and their variance.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We used gas chromatography to measure carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>), methane (CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O) concentrations within nests of two co‐occurring species of fungus‐growing termites in both dry and wet seasons in Kenya, with termite <jats:italic>Macrotermes michaelseni</jats:italic> building mounds with a closed and <jats:italic>Macrotermes subhyalinus</jats:italic> with an open ventilation system.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Gas concentrations were 3–100 times higher in mounds than the global averages in atmosphere, implying that termite mounds are sources of all three GHGs. Carbon dioxide concentrations were higher in closed than in open mounds. Methane concentrations remained constant in open mounds, whereas closed mounds exhibited considerable variation between nests and across seasons. Concentrations of both CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> and N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O correlated positively with mound volume during the wet season, whereas interactions with mound size were not observed in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentrations or during the driest sampling period.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings underline that among fungus‐growing termites, mound size, ventilation type and precipitation affect nest gas concentrations and with this likely the magnitude of mound GHG emissions. Potential reasons behind the observed relationships are discussed, including differences in population size, biomass of fungus gardens and CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> oxidation.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n</jats:list></jats:p>",
"fi": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p><jats:list>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Termites are a significant natural source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), but quantifying emissions especially from large termite mounds is problematic as they rarely fit in measurement chambers. Predicting fluxes based on internal and atmospheric concentrations could provide an indirect way to assess mound emissions, but developing such models necessitates better understanding of the concentration levels and their variance.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We used gas chromatography to measure carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>), methane (CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O) concentrations within nests of two co‐occurring species of fungus‐growing termites in both dry and wet seasons in Kenya, with termite <jats:italic>Macrotermes michaelseni</jats:italic> building mounds with a closed and <jats:italic>Macrotermes subhyalinus</jats:italic> with an open ventilation system.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Gas concentrations were 3–100 times higher in mounds than the global averages in atmosphere, implying that termite mounds are sources of all three GHGs. Carbon dioxide concentrations were higher in closed than in open mounds. Methane concentrations remained constant in open mounds, whereas closed mounds exhibited considerable variation between nests and across seasons. Concentrations of both CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> and N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O correlated positively with mound volume during the wet season, whereas interactions with mound size were not observed in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentrations or during the driest sampling period.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings underline that among fungus‐growing termites, mound size, ventilation type and precipitation affect nest gas concentrations and with this likely the magnitude of mound GHG emissions. Potential reasons behind the observed relationships are discussed, including differences in population size, biomass of fungus gardens and CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> oxidation.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n</jats:list></jats:p>",
"und": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p><jats:list>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Termites are a significant natural source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), but quantifying emissions especially from large termite mounds is problematic as they rarely fit in measurement chambers. Predicting fluxes based on internal and atmospheric concentrations could provide an indirect way to assess mound emissions, but developing such models necessitates better understanding of the concentration levels and their variance.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We used gas chromatography to measure carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>), methane (CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O) concentrations within nests of two co‐occurring species of fungus‐growing termites in both dry and wet seasons in Kenya, with termite <jats:italic>Macrotermes michaelseni</jats:italic> building mounds with a closed and <jats:italic>Macrotermes subhyalinus</jats:italic> with an open ventilation system.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Gas concentrations were 3–100 times higher in mounds than the global averages in atmosphere, implying that termite mounds are sources of all three GHGs. Carbon dioxide concentrations were higher in closed than in open mounds. Methane concentrations remained constant in open mounds, whereas closed mounds exhibited considerable variation between nests and across seasons. Concentrations of both CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> and N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O correlated positively with mound volume during the wet season, whereas interactions with mound size were not observed in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentrations or during the driest sampling period.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings underline that among fungus‐growing termites, mound size, ventilation type and precipitation affect nest gas concentrations and with this likely the magnitude of mound GHG emissions. Potential reasons behind the observed relationships are discussed, including differences in population size, biomass of fungus gardens and CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> oxidation.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n</jats:list></jats:p>"
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"en": "Vesala, Rikkinen, Pellikka, Rikkinen, Arppe: You eat what you find – Local patterns in vegetation structure control diets of African fungus‐growing termites",
"fi": "Vesala, Rikkinen, Pellikka, Rikkinen, Arppe: You eat what you find – Local patterns in vegetation structure control diets of African fungus‐growing termites"
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"en": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus‐growing termites and their symbiotic <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungi are critically important carbon and nutrient recyclers in arid and semiarid environments of sub‐Saharan Africa. A major proportion of plant litter produced in these ecosystems is decomposed within nest chambers of termite mounds, where temperature and humidity are kept optimal for the fungal symbionts. While fungus‐growing termites are generally believed to exploit a wide range of different plant substrates, the actual diets of most species remain elusive. We studied dietary niches of two <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> species across the semiarid savanna landscape in the Tsavo Ecosystem, southern Kenya, based on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes in <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungus combs. We applied Bayesian mixing models to determine the proportion of grass and woody plant matter in the combs, these being the two major food sources available for <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> species in the region. Our results showed that both termite species, and colonies cultivating different <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungi, occupied broad and largely overlapping isotopic niches, indicating no dietary specialization. Including laser scanning derived vegetation cover estimates to the dietary mixing model revealed that the proportion of woody plant matter in fungus combs increased with increasing woody plant cover in the nest surroundings. Nitrogen content of fungus combs was positively correlated with woody plant cover around the mounds and negatively correlated with the proportion of grass matter in the comb. Considering the high N demand of large <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> colonies, woody plant matter seems to thus represent a more profitable food source than grass. As grass is also utilized by grazing mammals, and the availability of grass matter typically fluctuates over the year, mixed woodland‐grasslands and bushlands seem to represent more favorable habitats for large <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> colonies than open grasslands.</jats:p>",
"fi": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus‐growing termites and their symbiotic <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungi are critically important carbon and nutrient recyclers in arid and semiarid environments of sub‐Saharan Africa. A major proportion of plant litter produced in these ecosystems is decomposed within nest chambers of termite mounds, where temperature and humidity are kept optimal for the fungal symbionts. While fungus‐growing termites are generally believed to exploit a wide range of different plant substrates, the actual diets of most species remain elusive. We studied dietary niches of two <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> species across the semiarid savanna landscape in the Tsavo Ecosystem, southern Kenya, based on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes in <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungus combs. We applied Bayesian mixing models to determine the proportion of grass and woody plant matter in the combs, these being the two major food sources available for <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> species in the region. Our results showed that both termite species, and colonies cultivating different <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungi, occupied broad and largely overlapping isotopic niches, indicating no dietary specialization. Including laser scanning derived vegetation cover estimates to the dietary mixing model revealed that the proportion of woody plant matter in fungus combs increased with increasing woody plant cover in the nest surroundings. Nitrogen content of fungus combs was positively correlated with woody plant cover around the mounds and negatively correlated with the proportion of grass matter in the comb. Considering the high N demand of large <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> colonies, woody plant matter seems to thus represent a more profitable food source than grass. As grass is also utilized by grazing mammals, and the availability of grass matter typically fluctuates over the year, mixed woodland‐grasslands and bushlands seem to represent more favorable habitats for large <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> colonies than open grasslands.</jats:p>",
"und": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus‐growing termites and their symbiotic <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungi are critically important carbon and nutrient recyclers in arid and semiarid environments of sub‐Saharan Africa. A major proportion of plant litter produced in these ecosystems is decomposed within nest chambers of termite mounds, where temperature and humidity are kept optimal for the fungal symbionts. While fungus‐growing termites are generally believed to exploit a wide range of different plant substrates, the actual diets of most species remain elusive. We studied dietary niches of two <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> species across the semiarid savanna landscape in the Tsavo Ecosystem, southern Kenya, based on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes in <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungus combs. We applied Bayesian mixing models to determine the proportion of grass and woody plant matter in the combs, these being the two major food sources available for <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> species in the region. Our results showed that both termite species, and colonies cultivating different <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungi, occupied broad and largely overlapping isotopic niches, indicating no dietary specialization. Including laser scanning derived vegetation cover estimates to the dietary mixing model revealed that the proportion of woody plant matter in fungus combs increased with increasing woody plant cover in the nest surroundings. Nitrogen content of fungus combs was positively correlated with woody plant cover around the mounds and negatively correlated with the proportion of grass matter in the comb. Considering the high N demand of large <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> colonies, woody plant matter seems to thus represent a more profitable food source than grass. As grass is also utilized by grazing mammals, and the availability of grass matter typically fluctuates over the year, mixed woodland‐grasslands and bushlands seem to represent more favorable habitats for large <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> colonies than open grasslands.</jats:p>"
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"entity_identifier": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8566",
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"en": "Vesala, Niskanen, Liimatainen, Boga, Pellikka, Rikkinen: Diversity of fungus‐growing termites (<i>Macrotermes</i>) and their fungal symbionts (<i>Termitomyces</i>) in the semiarid Tsavo Ecosystem, Kenya",
"fi": "Vesala, Niskanen, Liimatainen, Boga, Pellikka, Rikkinen: Diversity of fungus‐growing termites Macrotermes and their fungal symbionts Termitomyces in the semiarid Tsavo Ecosystem, Kenya"
},
"description": {
"en": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus‐growing termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae together with their highly specialized fungal symbionts (<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>) are primary decomposers of dead plant matter in many African savanna ecosystems. The termites provide crucial ecosystem services also by modifying soil properties, translocating nutrients, and as important drivers of plant succession. Despite their obvious ecological importance, many basic features in the biology of fungus‐growing termites and especially their fungal symbionts remain poorly known, and no studies have so far focused on possible habitat‐level differences in symbiont diversity across heterogeneous landscapes. We studied the species identities of <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> termites and their <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> symbionts by excavating 143 termite mounds at eight study sites in the semiarid Tsavo Ecosystem of southern Kenya. Reference specimens were identified by sequencing the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI</jats:styled-content> region from termites and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ITS</jats:styled-content> region from symbiotic fungi. The results demonstrate that the regional <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> community in Tsavo includes two sympatric species (<jats:italic>M. subhyalinus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. michaelseni</jats:italic>) which cultivate and largely share three species of <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> symbionts. A single species of fungus is always found in each termite mound, but even closely adjacent colonies of the same termite species often house evolutionarily divergent fungi. The species identities of both partners vary markedly between sites, suggesting hitherto unknown differences in their ecological requirements. It is apparent that both habitat heterogeneity and disturbance history can influence the regional distribution patterns of both partners in symbiosis.</jats:p>",
"fi": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus‐growing termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae together with their highly specialized fungal symbionts (<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>) are primary decomposers of dead plant matter in many African savanna ecosystems. The termites provide crucial ecosystem services also by modifying soil properties, translocating nutrients, and as important drivers of plant succession. Despite their obvious ecological importance, many basic features in the biology of fungus‐growing termites and especially their fungal symbionts remain poorly known, and no studies have so far focused on possible habitat‐level differences in symbiont diversity across heterogeneous landscapes. We studied the species identities of <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> termites and their <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> symbionts by excavating 143 termite mounds at eight study sites in the semiarid Tsavo Ecosystem of southern Kenya. Reference specimens were identified by sequencing the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI</jats:styled-content> region from termites and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ITS</jats:styled-content> region from symbiotic fungi. The results demonstrate that the regional <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> community in Tsavo includes two sympatric species (<jats:italic>M. subhyalinus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. michaelseni</jats:italic>) which cultivate and largely share three species of <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> symbionts. A single species of fungus is always found in each termite mound, but even closely adjacent colonies of the same termite species often house evolutionarily divergent fungi. The species identities of both partners vary markedly between sites, suggesting hitherto unknown differences in their ecological requirements. It is apparent that both habitat heterogeneity and disturbance history can influence the regional distribution patterns of both partners in symbiosis.</jats:p>",
"und": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus‐growing termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae together with their highly specialized fungal symbionts (<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>) are primary decomposers of dead plant matter in many African savanna ecosystems. The termites provide crucial ecosystem services also by modifying soil properties, translocating nutrients, and as important drivers of plant succession. Despite their obvious ecological importance, many basic features in the biology of fungus‐growing termites and especially their fungal symbionts remain poorly known, and no studies have so far focused on possible habitat‐level differences in symbiont diversity across heterogeneous landscapes. We studied the species identities of <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> termites and their <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> symbionts by excavating 143 termite mounds at eight study sites in the semiarid Tsavo Ecosystem of southern Kenya. Reference specimens were identified by sequencing the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI</jats:styled-content> region from termites and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ITS</jats:styled-content> region from symbiotic fungi. The results demonstrate that the regional <jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic> community in Tsavo includes two sympatric species (<jats:italic>M. subhyalinus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. michaelseni</jats:italic>) which cultivate and largely share three species of <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> symbionts. A single species of fungus is always found in each termite mound, but even closely adjacent colonies of the same termite species often house evolutionarily divergent fungi. The species identities of both partners vary markedly between sites, suggesting hitherto unknown differences in their ecological requirements. It is apparent that both habitat heterogeneity and disturbance history can influence the regional distribution patterns of both partners in symbiosis.</jats:p>"
},
"entity_identifier": "https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12422",
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"title": {
"en": "Vesala, Harjuntausta, Hakkarainen, Rönnholm, Pellikka, Rikkinen: Termite mound architecture regulates nest temperature and correlates with species identities of symbiotic fungi",
"fi": "Vesala, Harjuntausta, Hakkarainen, Rönnholm, Pellikka, Rikkinen: Termite mound architecture regulates nest temperature and correlates with species identities of symbiotic fungi"
},
"description": {
"en": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Large and complex mounds built by termites of the genus<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>characterize many dry African landscapes, including the savannas, bushlands, and dry forests of the Tsavo Ecosystem in southern Kenya. The termites live in obligate symbiosis with filamentous fungi of the genus<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>. The insects collect dead plant material from their environment and deposit it into their nests where indigestible cell wall compounds are effectively decomposed by the fungus. Above-ground mounds are built to enhance nest ventilation and to maintain nest interior microclimates favorable for fungal growth.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>In Tsavo Ecosystem two<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>species associate with three different<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>symbionts, always with a monoculture of one fungal species within each termite nest. As mound architecture differs considerably both between and within termite species we explored potential relationships between nest thermoregulatory strategies and species identity of fungal symbionts.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>External dimensions were measured from 164<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>mounds and the cultivated<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>species were identified by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. We also recorded the annual temperature regimes of several termite mounds to determine relations between mound architecture and nest temperatures during different seasons.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Mound architecture had a major effect on nest temperatures. Relatively cool temperatures were always recorded from large mounds with open ventilation systems, while the internal temperatures of mounds with closed ventilation systems and small mounds with open ventilation systems were consistently higher. The distribution of the three fungal symbionts in different mounds was not random, with one fungal species confined to “hot nests.”</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that different<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>species have different temperature requirements, and that one of the cultivated species is relatively intolerant of low temperatures. The dominant<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>species in our study area can clearly modify its mound architecture to meet the thermal requirements of several different symbionts. However, a treacherous balance seems to exist between symbiont identity and mound architecture, as the maintenance of the thermophilic fungal species obviously requires reduced mound architecture that, in turn, leads to inadequate gas exchange. Hence, our study concludes that while the limited ventilation capacity of small mounds sets strict limits to insect colony growth, in this case, improving nest ventilation would invariable lead to excessively low nest temperatures, with negative consequences to the symbiotic fungus.</jats:p></jats:sec>",
"fi": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Large and complex mounds built by termites of the genus<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>characterize many dry African landscapes, including the savannas, bushlands, and dry forests of the Tsavo Ecosystem in southern Kenya. The termites live in obligate symbiosis with filamentous fungi of the genus<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>. The insects collect dead plant material from their environment and deposit it into their nests where indigestible cell wall compounds are effectively decomposed by the fungus. Above-ground mounds are built to enhance nest ventilation and to maintain nest interior microclimates favorable for fungal growth.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>In Tsavo Ecosystem two<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>species associate with three different<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>symbionts, always with a monoculture of one fungal species within each termite nest. As mound architecture differs considerably both between and within termite species we explored potential relationships between nest thermoregulatory strategies and species identity of fungal symbionts.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>External dimensions were measured from 164<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>mounds and the cultivated<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>species were identified by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. We also recorded the annual temperature regimes of several termite mounds to determine relations between mound architecture and nest temperatures during different seasons.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Mound architecture had a major effect on nest temperatures. Relatively cool temperatures were always recorded from large mounds with open ventilation systems, while the internal temperatures of mounds with closed ventilation systems and small mounds with open ventilation systems were consistently higher. The distribution of the three fungal symbionts in different mounds was not random, with one fungal species confined to “hot nests.”</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that different<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>species have different temperature requirements, and that one of the cultivated species is relatively intolerant of low temperatures. The dominant<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>species in our study area can clearly modify its mound architecture to meet the thermal requirements of several different symbionts. However, a treacherous balance seems to exist between symbiont identity and mound architecture, as the maintenance of the thermophilic fungal species obviously requires reduced mound architecture that, in turn, leads to inadequate gas exchange. Hence, our study concludes that while the limited ventilation capacity of small mounds sets strict limits to insect colony growth, in this case, improving nest ventilation would invariable lead to excessively low nest temperatures, with negative consequences to the symbiotic fungus.</jats:p></jats:sec>",
"und": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Large and complex mounds built by termites of the genus<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>characterize many dry African landscapes, including the savannas, bushlands, and dry forests of the Tsavo Ecosystem in southern Kenya. The termites live in obligate symbiosis with filamentous fungi of the genus<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>. The insects collect dead plant material from their environment and deposit it into their nests where indigestible cell wall compounds are effectively decomposed by the fungus. Above-ground mounds are built to enhance nest ventilation and to maintain nest interior microclimates favorable for fungal growth.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>In Tsavo Ecosystem two<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>species associate with three different<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>symbionts, always with a monoculture of one fungal species within each termite nest. As mound architecture differs considerably both between and within termite species we explored potential relationships between nest thermoregulatory strategies and species identity of fungal symbionts.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>External dimensions were measured from 164<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>mounds and the cultivated<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>species were identified by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. We also recorded the annual temperature regimes of several termite mounds to determine relations between mound architecture and nest temperatures during different seasons.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Mound architecture had a major effect on nest temperatures. Relatively cool temperatures were always recorded from large mounds with open ventilation systems, while the internal temperatures of mounds with closed ventilation systems and small mounds with open ventilation systems were consistently higher. The distribution of the three fungal symbionts in different mounds was not random, with one fungal species confined to “hot nests.”</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that different<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>species have different temperature requirements, and that one of the cultivated species is relatively intolerant of low temperatures. The dominant<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>species in our study area can clearly modify its mound architecture to meet the thermal requirements of several different symbionts. However, a treacherous balance seems to exist between symbiont identity and mound architecture, as the maintenance of the thermophilic fungal species obviously requires reduced mound architecture that, in turn, leads to inadequate gas exchange. Hence, our study concludes that while the limited ventilation capacity of small mounds sets strict limits to insect colony growth, in this case, improving nest ventilation would invariable lead to excessively low nest temperatures, with negative consequences to the symbiotic fungus.</jats:p></jats:sec>"
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"en": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus-growing termites of the genus<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>cultivate symbiotic fungi (<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>) in their underground nest chambers to degrade plant matter collected from the environment. Although the general mechanism of food processing is relatively well-known, it has remained unclear whether the termites get their nutrition primarily from the fungal mycelium or from plant tissues partly decomposed by the fungus. To elucidate the flows of carbon and nitrogen in the complicated food-chains within the nests of fungus-growing termites, we determined the stable isotope signatures of different materials sampled from four<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>colonies in southern Kenya. Stable isotopes of carbon revealed that the termite queen and the young larvae are largely sustained by the fungal mycelium. Conversely, all adult workers and soldiers seem to feed predominantly on plant and/or fungus comb material, demonstrating that the fungal symbiont plays a different nutritional role for different termite castes. Nitrogen stable isotopes indicated additional differences between castes and revealed intriguing patterns in colony nitrogen cycling. Nitrogen is effectively recycled within the colonies, but also a presently unspecified nitrogen source, most likely symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, seems to contribute to nitrogen supply. Our results indicate that the gut microbiota of the termite queen might be largely responsible for the proposed nitrogen fixation.</jats:p>",
"fi": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus-growing termites of the genus<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>cultivate symbiotic fungi (<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>) in their underground nest chambers to degrade plant matter collected from the environment. Although the general mechanism of food processing is relatively well-known, it has remained unclear whether the termites get their nutrition primarily from the fungal mycelium or from plant tissues partly decomposed by the fungus. To elucidate the flows of carbon and nitrogen in the complicated food-chains within the nests of fungus-growing termites, we determined the stable isotope signatures of different materials sampled from four<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>colonies in southern Kenya. Stable isotopes of carbon revealed that the termite queen and the young larvae are largely sustained by the fungal mycelium. Conversely, all adult workers and soldiers seem to feed predominantly on plant and/or fungus comb material, demonstrating that the fungal symbiont plays a different nutritional role for different termite castes. Nitrogen stable isotopes indicated additional differences between castes and revealed intriguing patterns in colony nitrogen cycling. Nitrogen is effectively recycled within the colonies, but also a presently unspecified nitrogen source, most likely symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, seems to contribute to nitrogen supply. Our results indicate that the gut microbiota of the termite queen might be largely responsible for the proposed nitrogen fixation.</jats:p>",
"und": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fungus-growing termites of the genus<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>cultivate symbiotic fungi (<jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic>) in their underground nest chambers to degrade plant matter collected from the environment. Although the general mechanism of food processing is relatively well-known, it has remained unclear whether the termites get their nutrition primarily from the fungal mycelium or from plant tissues partly decomposed by the fungus. To elucidate the flows of carbon and nitrogen in the complicated food-chains within the nests of fungus-growing termites, we determined the stable isotope signatures of different materials sampled from four<jats:italic>Macrotermes</jats:italic>colonies in southern Kenya. Stable isotopes of carbon revealed that the termite queen and the young larvae are largely sustained by the fungal mycelium. Conversely, all adult workers and soldiers seem to feed predominantly on plant and/or fungus comb material, demonstrating that the fungal symbiont plays a different nutritional role for different termite castes. Nitrogen stable isotopes indicated additional differences between castes and revealed intriguing patterns in colony nitrogen cycling. Nitrogen is effectively recycled within the colonies, but also a presently unspecified nitrogen source, most likely symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, seems to contribute to nitrogen supply. Our results indicate that the gut microbiota of the termite queen might be largely responsible for the proposed nitrogen fixation.</jats:p>"
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"en": "Balboa, Barsby, Lithovius, Saarimäki-Vire, Omar-Hmeadi, Dyachok, Montaser, Lund, Yang, Ibrahim, Näätänen, Chandra, Vihinen, Jokitalo, Kvist, Ustinov, Nieminen, Kuuluvainen, Hietakangas, Katajisto, Lau, Carlsson, Barg, Tengholm, Otonkoski: Functional, metabolic and transcriptional maturation of human pancreatic islets derived from stem cells",
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"en": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Transplantation of pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells is a promising treatment for diabetes. Despite progress in the generation of stem-cell-derived islets (SC-islets), no detailed characterization of their functional properties has been conducted. Here, we generated functionally mature SC-islets using an optimized protocol and benchmarked them comprehensively against primary adult islets. Biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion developed during in vitro maturation, associated with cytoarchitectural reorganization and the increasing presence of alpha cells. Electrophysiology, signaling and exocytosis of SC-islets were similar to those of adult islets. Glucose-responsive insulin secretion was achieved despite differences in glycolytic and mitochondrial glucose metabolism. Single-cell transcriptomics of SC-islets in vitro and throughout 6 months of engraftment in mice revealed a continuous maturation trajectory culminating in a transcriptional landscape closely resembling that of primary islets. Our thorough evaluation of SC-islet maturation highlights their advanced degree of functionality and supports their use in further efforts to understand and combat diabetes.</jats:p>",
"fi": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Transplantation of pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells is a promising treatment for diabetes. Despite progress in the generation of stem-cell-derived islets (SC-islets), no detailed characterization of their functional properties has been conducted. Here, we generated functionally mature SC-islets using an optimized protocol and benchmarked them comprehensively against primary adult islets. Biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion developed during in vitro maturation, associated with cytoarchitectural reorganization and the increasing presence of alpha cells. Electrophysiology, signaling and exocytosis of SC-islets were similar to those of adult islets. Glucose-responsive insulin secretion was achieved despite differences in glycolytic and mitochondrial glucose metabolism. Single-cell transcriptomics of SC-islets in vitro and throughout 6 months of engraftment in mice revealed a continuous maturation trajectory culminating in a transcriptional landscape closely resembling that of primary islets. Our thorough evaluation of SC-islet maturation highlights their advanced degree of functionality and supports their use in further efforts to understand and combat diabetes.</jats:p>",
"und": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Transplantation of pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells is a promising treatment for diabetes. Despite progress in the generation of stem-cell-derived islets (SC-islets), no detailed characterization of their functional properties has been conducted. Here, we generated functionally mature SC-islets using an optimized protocol and benchmarked them comprehensively against primary adult islets. Biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion developed during in vitro maturation, associated with cytoarchitectural reorganization and the increasing presence of alpha cells. Electrophysiology, signaling and exocytosis of SC-islets were similar to those of adult islets. Glucose-responsive insulin secretion was achieved despite differences in glycolytic and mitochondrial glucose metabolism. Single-cell transcriptomics of SC-islets in vitro and throughout 6 months of engraftment in mice revealed a continuous maturation trajectory culminating in a transcriptional landscape closely resembling that of primary islets. Our thorough evaluation of SC-islet maturation highlights their advanced degree of functionality and supports their use in further efforts to understand and combat diabetes.</jats:p>"
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"en": "# General\nGeoprivacy Open Data is an anonymised tracking dataset in gpx format based on voluntary donations of personal human mobility data. Anonymisation means that all direct and indirect references to a person have been removed, while at the same time, the original data is preserved as much as possible. The raw data donations have been done through the Geoprivacy platform operating at [https://geoprivacy.fi/](https://geoprivacy.fi/).\n\nThe Geoprivacy platform is a service where cyclists, joggers, and pedestrians can donate GPS (Global Positioning System) and other GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) tracking data for science. Additionally, the portal offers an open data repository to which users can choose to provide a privacy-protected version of their data. The open data is freely available to urban planners, scientists, and industry, i.e., everyone interested in the innovation potential of detailed personal-level mobility data. The hourly updates of the data are available from the platform, and this data is one of the monthly/yearly frozen versions of live data having exhaustive metadata descriptions, a persistent identifier, and access through the [https://etsin.fairdata.fi](https://etsin.fairdata.fi) service.\n\nThe platform was born as part of our research on privacy issues related to using precise individual-level location data. A prime example of this is activity tracking data, which citizens are recording using various mobile sports tracking applications. **Our vision is that this tracking data could be used to improve the infrastructure for non-motorized means of travel.** Making cycling and walking more safe and convenient could greatly help reduce the number of cars in cities.\n\nActivity tracking data is not easily accessible. Even when tracks are publicly visible on the web, the terms of use usually limit the ways in which the data can be used. Some companies grant specific types of users, e.g., urban planners, access to the data, but only in a heavily processed form. There are good reasons to limit the distribution of the data: Activity tracking data is sensitive data and can reveal surprising personal details. These include, for example, home and workplace, and repeating patterns such as commuting behavior.\n\nWe started the Geoprivacy platform to request voluntary participants to donate their tracking data for science. The original tracks are used only for research related to location data privacy within our research group. However, the participants have the additional option to donate a processed version of their tracks to an open data repository.\n\nWith the open, privacy-preserving data repository, we hope to provide the scientific community with a benchmark dataset for non-motorized mobility data, making research in this area more comparable and reproducible. Furthermore, the open repository can serve as a proof-of-concept for a service that allows citizens to share their data directly with urban planning authorities.\n\n# Privacy protection\nThe details of the privacy protection method are described at [https://geoprivacy.fi/#/privacy-mechanisms](https://geoprivacy.fi/#/privacy-mechanisms). In addition to the listed mechanisms, the population density of the data area needs to be more than 6 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the data has to be inside Finland.\n\n# Versions and release notes\nThis dataset is the cumulative Geoprivacy Open Data. The earlier frozen datasets can be found from the Fairdata.fi service [Etsin with the search term \"geoprivacy\"](https://etsin.fairdata.fi/datasets?search=geoprivacy) .\n\n**Geoprivacy Open Data 2025/05:** New release of Geoprivacy Open Data announced in the 19th International Conference of Location Based Services 2025. The dataset contains >3650 donated tracks having total length of >44990 km (358MB).\n\n**Geoprivacy Open Data 2024/11:** Starting from November 2024, frozen snapshots of the Geoprivacy Open Data will be published as a cumulative dataset (158MB). \n\n**Geoprivacy Open Data 2023/11:** Added string \"cycling_\", \"running_\", or \"walking_\" to the filenames. Mode of movement is assessed based on the average speed computed for each trajectory. Note: The classification is prone to errors and should be refined for mode of travel -critical applications (122MB).\n\n# Format and coordinate system\nThe data is provided in the standard GPX format. The general GPX XML schema is available at [https://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1/](https://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1/).\n\nEach GPX file starts with definitions of the XML version and character encoding, the GPX version, and the library used for creating the file. The actual location data is given in <trk> and <trkseq> elements, where the latitude and longitude values of each track point are given after <lat> and <lon> attributes using decimal degrees in the WGS84 coordinate system (EPSG: 4326). The time stamp for each point is given in the <time> element in UTC. For day-time critical applications, conversion to EET/EEST taking into account the day-light saving is important (EET = UTC + 2h, EEST = UTC + 3h).\n\n# Terms of use\nThe dataset is provided as open data, and its use is controlled by [the Terms of Use for the Geoprivacy Open Data](https://geoprivacy.fi/#/open-data-terms-of-use).\n\nIf you use the data in your work, please use the citation\n\n>Mäkinen, V., Brauer, A. and Oksanen, J. 2023. Geoprivacy platform, available at: https://geoprivacy.fi\n\nand acknowledge\n\n>\"We made use of geospatial data provided by the Open Geospatial Information Infrastructure for Research (Geoportti, urn:nbn:fi:research-infras-2016072513) funded by the Academy of Finland, CSC – IT Center for Science, and other Geoportti consortium members.\"\n\n# Acknowledgements\nThe Geoprivacy project and platform have been funded by the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Academy of Finland. The platform is the service pilot of the Geoportti RI (Open Geospatial Information Infrastructure for Research, urn:nbn:fi:research-infras-2016072513)."
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"fi": "<jats:p>Abstract. Devices with integrated global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers have enabled citizens to accurately record activities such as bicycle trips, runs, and walks. Due to its spatiotemporal extent and high level of detail, GNSS-based activity tracking data is a valuable source of information on active modes of transportation. At the same time, movement recordings of individuals are sensitive data and are associated with privacy concerns. In this work, we present a privacy-aware platform where citizens can contribute GNSS tracks to an open repository. The repository is published according to the FAIR data principles: findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. This provides the opportunity to use the data as a benchmark for the development of GNSS trajectory processing methods. The platform’s privacy module processes each track before publication, concealing stay points, generalizing the tracks in the temporal dimension, and suppressing tracks in sparsely populated areas. This approach mitigates the most likely re-identification attacks and limits the amount of information that could leak if an attacker succeeds with re-identification. As a residual risk remains, the platform sensitizes users to privacy risks and enables them to make informed decisions about publishing their data.\n </jats:p>",
"und": "<jats:p>Abstract. Devices with integrated global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers have enabled citizens to accurately record activities such as bicycle trips, runs, and walks. Due to its spatiotemporal extent and high level of detail, GNSS-based activity tracking data is a valuable source of information on active modes of transportation. At the same time, movement recordings of individuals are sensitive data and are associated with privacy concerns. In this work, we present a privacy-aware platform where citizens can contribute GNSS tracks to an open repository. The repository is published according to the FAIR data principles: findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. This provides the opportunity to use the data as a benchmark for the development of GNSS trajectory processing methods. The platform’s privacy module processes each track before publication, concealing stay points, generalizing the tracks in the temporal dimension, and suppressing tracks in sparsely populated areas. This approach mitigates the most likely re-identification attacks and limits the amount of information that could leak if an attacker succeeds with re-identification. As a residual risk remains, the platform sensitizes users to privacy risks and enables them to make informed decisions about publishing their data.\n </jats:p>"
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