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},
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"en": "In Distribution of books in Finland before 1850 you can find information about books in Finland printed before 1850. The data has mainly been collected in the 1980's and the beginning of the 1990's. The most accurate possible bibliographic information about old books have been collected from 448 municipalities. Information about and hand written signatures and other notes has been registered in the database. The data has been enriched with information from inventory registers of parishes in 1992. These registers usually contain only a short title, the name of the author and the year of print. To improve research use capabilities some dynamic maps and diagrams have been added. It is possible to study for instance the current situation of the mapping or the type of collection (museum, library, parish etc.) or the publication year of the books.\n\nIn addition to the municipal mapping also some books from private collections have been added. The user has the possibility to add information about his or her own books or books in other private collections. Data collection ended in 2020.\n\nThis dataset contains personal information about the informants. An open dataset is also available.\n\nContributors\n\nTuija Laine, professor of church history, University of Helsinki, project coordination and content administration\nAnna Ruokamo, Bachelor of Theology, content storage\nTimo Salmela, Master of Theology, original database and user interface development, content administration\nTimo Valtonen, Master of Social Sciences, digitization\nCSC",
"fi": "Kirjojen levinneisyys Suomessa vuoteen 1850 sisältää tietoja Suomessa säilyneestä ennen vuotta 1850 painetusta kirjallisuudesta. Tiedot on kerätty kenttätyössä kuntakartoituksena pääosin 1980-luvulla ja 1990-luvun alussa. Tietokanta kattaa suurimman osan Suomen kunnista. Jokaisesta nähdystä painatteesta on merkitty ylös mahdollisimman tarkat bibliografiset tiedot. Myös kirjojen sisältämät käsintehdyt reuna- ja omistajamerkinnät on rekisteröity tietokantaan. Aineistoa on täydennetty vuonna 1992 seurakuntien inventaarioluetteloiden tiedoilla. Osassa kuntia ei siis ole tehty kokonaiskartoitusta, vaan kannassa on niiden osalta tiedot vain seurakuntien omistuksessa olleista kirjoista. Inventaarioluetteloista käy yleensä ilmi vain kirjan lyhyt nimi, tekijä ja julkaisuvuosi. \n\nKuntakartoituksen lisäksi tietokantaan on syötetty tietoja yksityiskirjastoista. Käyttäjällä on mahdollisuus myös itse lisätä kantaan tietoja omista vanhoista kirjoistaan tai yksityiskirjastoista. Tietokantaan lisätään yksityiskirjastoja, joiden painopiste on ennen vuotta 1850 painetussa kirjallisuudessa. Ennen tietokantaan menoa ylläpitäjä tarkisti tietokantaan ehdolla olevat tiedot. Tietojen kerääminen lopetettiin 2020, kun sovellus poistui käytöstä.\n\nTietokannassa on tietoa kirjojen levinneisyydestä ja niiden proveniensseista. Kirjojen bibliografisista tiedoista tietokantaan on viety tunnistamisen kannalta vain välttämättömin tieto, ei kuitenkaan varianttien tarkkuudella. Tarkempia bibliografisia tietoja tarvitsevaa tutkijaa kehotetaan kääntymään kirjastojen tietokantojen puoleen. Tietokannassa on pieni määrä seurakuntien inventaarioluetteloista ja yksityishenkilöiden kirjastoluetteloista poimittuja kirjoja, jotka on painettu vuoden 1850 jälkeen. Ne on otettu mukaan aikarajauksen ulkopuolelta, koska tiedot kirkonkirjastoista ja yksityiskirjastoista on haluttu säilyttää kokonaisuudessaan. Tietokannassa olevaa aineistoa pyritään tarpeen ja mahdollisuuksien mukaan edelleen täydentämään ja korjaamaan. Hankkeesta on mahdollista antaa palautetta palautelomakkeen avulla.\n\nKirjojen levinneisyys Suomessa vuoteen 1850 -hanke lähti liikkeelle vuonna 1983 Helsingin yliopiston kirjaston, Helsingin yliopiston kirkkohistorian laitoksen ja Suomen Akatemian rahoittaman vanhemman suomalaisen oppihistorian projektin käynnistämänä tutkimushankkeena Ennen vuotta 1850 painetun kirjallisuuden kartoitus. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää Suomessa säilynyt, ennen vuotta 1850 painettu kirjallisuus. Kirjojen lisäksi etsittiin myös pienpainatteita, lehtolehtisiä, asetuksia, väitöskirjoja sekä sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiä. Hanketta johti sen alkuvaiheessa FL (sittemmin TT, dos., pääjohtaja) Jussi Nuorteva.\n\nTämä datasetti sisältää tietojen luovuttajien tietoja. Avoin datasetti on myös saatavilla.\n \nTuija Laine, kirjahistorian professori, Helsingin yliopisto, hankkeen koordinointi ja aineiston muokkaus
\nAnna Ruokamo, teol. kand., aineiston tallennus
\nTimo Salmela, teol. maist., alkuperäisten tietokannan ja käyttöliittymän suunnittelu, aineiston tallennus ja muokkaus
\nTimo Valtonen, valt. maist., aineiston saattaminen sähköiseen muotoon
\nCSC",
"sv": "Databasen Böcker tryckta före 1850 - förekomst i Finland innehåller information om böcker tryckta före 1850 som bevarats i Finland. Informationen är insamlad i huvudsak under 1980-talet och under början av 1990-talet. Material från 448 kommuner ingår. Om varje tryck har man noterat så noggranna bibliografiska uppgifter som möjligt. Marginal- och ägaranteckningar har också tecknats ner och införts i databasen. Materialet har kompletterats år 1992 med uppgifter från församlingarnas inventarieförteckningar. Ur dem framkommer oftast endast en kortform av titeln, författarens namn och tryckåret för boken. För att underlätta forskningsarbete har en del kartor och diagram lagts till på webbplatsen. Dessa visar till exempel kartläggningsläget, i hurdana samlingar böckerna ingår (t ex museum, bibliotek, församling, privat osv) och fördelningen av tryckår.\n\nFörutom den kommunala kartläggningen har vi lagt till uppgifter om böcker i en del privata samlingar. Användare har också haft möjlighet att lägga till information om sina egna gamla böcker eller andra privata samlingar. De projektansvariga kontrollerade uppgifterna som matats in, innan de sparas och publiceras i databasen. Databasen lades ner 2020.\n\nDetta dataset innehåller uppgifter om informanterna. Ett öppen dataset finns också att tillgå.\n\nUpphovsmän\n\nTuija Laine, professor i bokhistoria, Helsingfors universitet, koordinering och bearbetning av materialet
\nAnna Ruokamo, teol. kand., inmatning av data\n
Timo Salmela, teol. mag., planering och konstruktion av den ursprungliga databasen och dess gränssnitt, inmatning och bearbetning av materialet
\nTimo Valtonen, pol. mag., digitalisering
\n CSC,"
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}
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"und": "Suomen Akatemia"
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"en": "In Distribution of books in Finland before 1850 you can find information about books in Finland printed before 1850. The data has mainly been collected in the 1980's and the beginning of the 1990's. The most accurate possible bibliographic information about old books have been collected from 448 municipalities. Information about and hand written signatures and other notes has been registered in the database. The data has been enriched with information from inventory registers of parishes in 1992. These registers usually contain only a short title, the name of the author and the year of print. To improve research use capabilities some dynamic maps and diagrams have been added. It is possible to study for instance the current situation of the mapping or the type of collection (museum, library, parish etc.) or the publication year of the books.\n\nIn addition to the municipal mapping also some books from private collections have been added. The user has the possibility to add information about his or her own books or books in other private collections. Data collection ended in 2020.\n\nContributors\n\nTuija Laine, professor of church history, University of Helsinki, project coordination and content administration\nAnna Ruokamo, Bachelor of Theology, content storage\nTimo Salmela, Master of Theology, original database and user interface development, content administration\nTimo Valtonen, Master of Social Sciences, digitization\nCSC",
"fi": "Kirjojen levinneisyys Suomessa vuoteen 1850 sisältää tietoja Suomessa säilyneestä ennen vuotta 1850 painetusta kirjallisuudesta. Tiedot on kerätty kenttätyössä kuntakartoituksena pääosin 1980-luvulla ja 1990-luvun alussa. Tietokanta kattaa suurimman osan Suomen kunnista. Jokaisesta nähdystä painatteesta on merkitty ylös mahdollisimman tarkat bibliografiset tiedot. Myös kirjojen sisältämät käsintehdyt reuna- ja omistajamerkinnät on rekisteröity tietokantaan. Aineistoa on täydennetty vuonna 1992 seurakuntien inventaarioluetteloiden tiedoilla. Osassa kuntia ei siis ole tehty kokonaiskartoitusta, vaan kannassa on niiden osalta tiedot vain seurakuntien omistuksessa olleista kirjoista. Inventaarioluetteloista käy yleensä ilmi vain kirjan lyhyt nimi, tekijä ja julkaisuvuosi. \n\nKuntakartoituksen lisäksi tietokantaan on syötetty tietoja yksityiskirjastoista. Käyttäjällä on mahdollisuus myös itse lisätä kantaan tietoja omista vanhoista kirjoistaan tai yksityiskirjastoista. Tietokantaan lisätään yksityiskirjastoja, joiden painopiste on ennen vuotta 1850 painetussa kirjallisuudessa. Ennen tietokantaan menoa ylläpitäjä tarkisti tietokantaan ehdolla olevat tiedot. Tietojen kerääminen lopetettiin 2020, kun sovellus poistui käytöstä.\n\nTietokannassa on tietoa kirjojen levinneisyydestä ja niiden proveniensseista. Kirjojen bibliografisista tiedoista tietokantaan on viety tunnistamisen kannalta vain välttämättömin tieto, ei kuitenkaan varianttien tarkkuudella. Tarkempia bibliografisia tietoja tarvitsevaa tutkijaa kehotetaan kääntymään kirjastojen tietokantojen puoleen. Tietokannassa on pieni määrä seurakuntien inventaarioluetteloista ja yksityishenkilöiden kirjastoluetteloista poimittuja kirjoja, jotka on painettu vuoden 1850 jälkeen. Ne on otettu mukaan aikarajauksen ulkopuolelta, koska tiedot kirkonkirjastoista ja yksityiskirjastoista on haluttu säilyttää kokonaisuudessaan. Tietokannassa olevaa aineistoa pyritään tarpeen ja mahdollisuuksien mukaan edelleen täydentämään ja korjaamaan. Hankkeesta on mahdollista antaa palautetta palautelomakkeen avulla.\n\nKirjojen levinneisyys Suomessa vuoteen 1850 -hanke lähti liikkeelle vuonna 1983 Helsingin yliopiston kirjaston, Helsingin yliopiston kirkkohistorian laitoksen ja Suomen Akatemian rahoittaman vanhemman suomalaisen oppihistorian projektin käynnistämänä tutkimushankkeena Ennen vuotta 1850 painetun kirjallisuuden kartoitus. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää Suomessa säilynyt, ennen vuotta 1850 painettu kirjallisuus. Kirjojen lisäksi etsittiin myös pienpainatteita, lehtolehtisiä, asetuksia, väitöskirjoja sekä sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiä. Hanketta johti sen alkuvaiheessa FL (sittemmin TT, dos., pääjohtaja) Jussi Nuorteva.\n \nTuija Laine, kirjahistorian professori, Helsingin yliopisto, hankkeen koordinointi ja aineiston muokkaus
\nAnna Ruokamo, teol. kand., aineiston tallennus
\nTimo Salmela, teol. maist., alkuperäisten tietokannan ja käyttöliittymän suunnittelu, aineiston tallennus ja muokkaus
\nTimo Valtonen, valt. maist., aineiston saattaminen sähköiseen muotoon
\nCSC",
"sv": "Databasen Böcker tryckta före 1850 - förekomst i Finland innehåller information om böcker tryckta före 1850 som bevarats i Finland. Informationen är insamlad i huvudsak under 1980-talet och under början av 1990-talet. Material från 448 kommuner ingår. Om varje tryck har man noterat så noggranna bibliografiska uppgifter som möjligt. Marginal- och ägaranteckningar har också tecknats ner och införts i databasen. Materialet har kompletterats år 1992 med uppgifter från församlingarnas inventarieförteckningar. Ur dem framkommer oftast endast en kortform av titeln, författarens namn och tryckåret för boken. För att underlätta forskningsarbete har en del kartor och diagram lagts till på webbplatsen. Dessa visar till exempel kartläggningsläget, i hurdana samlingar böckerna ingår (t ex museum, bibliotek, församling, privat osv) och fördelningen av tryckår.\n\nFörutom den kommunala kartläggningen har vi lagt till uppgifter om böcker i en del privata samlingar. Användare har också haft möjlighet att lägga till information om sina egna gamla böcker eller andra privata samlingar. De projektansvariga kontrollerade uppgifterna som matats in, innan de sparas och publiceras i databasen. Databasen lades ner 2020.\n\nUpphovsmän\n\nTuija Laine, professor i bokhistoria, Helsingfors universitet, koordinering och bearbetning av materialet
\nAnna Ruokamo, teol. kand., inmatning av data\n
Timo Salmela, teol. mag., planering och konstruktion av den ursprungliga databasen och dess gränssnitt, inmatning och bearbetning av materialet
\nTimo Valtonen, pol. mag., digitalisering
\n CSC,"
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"en": "## Establishment and measurement occasions of the plot network\n\nNatural Resources Institute Finland (at the time Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metla) established a network of 3000 monitoring plots all over Finland in 1985-1986. The plots were remeasured in 1995. A smaller set of 630 plots were measured in 2006 in project BioSoil. The full set of plots was inventoried again in the Operation Bilberry project in 2021-2023.\n\n## Sampling design\n\nA network of 3000 permanent sample plots was established in connection with the 8th National Forest Inventory in 1985-1986 for monitoring of forest condition and biodiversity. Sample plots are located in a systematic grid of clusters, covering the whole country. The distances between the clusters are 16 x 16 km in Southern Finland, and 24 km in N-S direction and 32 km in W-E direction in Northern Finland. In the south each cluster consists of four sample plots at 400 m intervals along N-S direction line, and in the north three sample plots at 600 m intervals on N-S direction line.\n\n## Vegetation inventory in the field\n\nThe percentage cover of the field and ground layer species was estimated visually on 4-6 quadrats (each sized 2 m²), placed systematically on the 300 m² sample plot (Reinikainen and Nousiainen 1985). The abundance of each species was estimated as direct projection cover of plant above-ground parts to the ground. The following cover steps were used: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10…5 % steps…90, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99 %, i.e. the intervals are narrower at the low and high ends of the scale. The species abundance on the sample plot is given as the mean cover of the species on all quadrats. All vascular plant species occurring in the 300 m² sample plot were inventoried, so also plants growing outside of the sample quadrats were recorded. The species frequency was calculated from the occurrence of the species on the 300 m² area.\nField layer consists of dwarf shrubs, graminoids, herbs and seedlings and saplings of trees and\nshrubs with height lower than 50 cm. Ground layer consists of bryophytes and lichens. Please note that in case of ground layer, only a small number of pre-defined species, taxa and other bryophyte or lichen groups were recorded.\n\n## Tree measurements\n\nWhenever necessary, the 300 m² plot has been divided into separate stand compartments. In forestry land, the division is made according to site type, growing stock, and past operations. Land use classes other than forestry land that fall within the plot area are similarly considered as distinct compartments.\nThe data recorded from a stand compartment is determined based on its land use class. Most of the data concerns productive forest, poorly productive forest and unproductive land. In forestry land, the minimum area of a stand compartment is 0.25 hectares in southern Finland and 0.5 hectares in northern Finland.\n\nThe variables regarding the entire stand compartment describe the soil, site type and operation history. Naturalness of stand compartments have been evaluated based on stand structure, dead wood continuity and human activity.\nIn productive forestry land, tree structure of stand compartments is described by a maximum of two tree storeys. Variables that describe the entire storey (basal area, median height, age, etc.) have been recorded for each one respectively. Stem number variables were measured for seedling stand classes. Potential damages and damage agents were also recorded by tree storey.\n\nAll trees with dbh over 10.5 cm and within 9.77-meter radius from the plot center were measured as tally trees. Trees with dbh 4.5-10.5 cm were measured within 5.64 radius. Variables measured for tally trees were tree species, diameter at breast height, tree class and canopy layer.\n\nBasal area weighted median tree was chosen from among the tally trees for every tree species group (pine, spruce and broadleaved) and tree storey. In addition to tally tree variables, the sample trees were also measured for height, age, and height of the living crown. The number of needle generations was counted for pines.\nIn productive, poorly productive and unproductive compartments all live trees and shrubs under 4.5 cm in diameter and over 20 cm tall were measured within 5.64 meter radius for stem number and median height. Small trees are divided into different classes based on tree species. Tree species were further divided into height classes. Trees over 1.3 meter and under 1.3 meter in height belong to a different class. Different height classes were also possible.\n\nThe canopy cover percentage of the tree and shrub layers was also visually estimated for each species.",
"fi": "## Perustaminen ja inventoinnit\n\nValtakunnan metsien kahdeksannen inventoinnin yhteydessä Metsäntutkimuslaitos perusti vuosina 1985-1986 kolmen tuhannen pysyvän koealan verkoston metsien ekologisen tilan ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden seurantaa varten. Koealat mitattiin uudelleen vuonna 1995. Pienempi osajoukko koealoista mitattiin vuonna 2006 osana BioSoil projektia. Koealajoukko inventointiin jälleen kokonaisuudessaan Operaatio Mustikka -projektissa vuosina 2021-2023\n\n## Otanta-asetelma\n\nKoealaverkosto koostuu koko Suomen kattavaan systemaattiseen ruudukkoon sijoitetuista rypäistä. Rypäiden etäisyys toisistaan on Etelä-Suomessa 16 x 16 km, ja Pohjois-Suomessa 24 km pohjois-etelä suunnassa ja 32 km itä-länsi suunnassa. Etelässä jokainen ryväs koostuu neljästä etelä-pohjois suuntaan 400 m välein sijoitetusta koealasta. Pohjoisen rypäissä on kolme koealaa sijoitettuna 600 m välein toisistaan.\n\n## Kasvillisuusinventointi\n\n300 m² koealalle sijoitettiin neljästä kuuteen kappaletta kahden neliömetrin kokoista ruutua. Näiltä tehtiin silmämääräinen arvio kenttäkerroksen ja pohjakerroksen kasvien prosentuaalisesta peittävyydestä. Kunkin lajin runsaus arvioitiin kasvin maanpäällisten osien projektiopeittävyytenä maanpintaa kohti. Peittävyydet kirjattiin prosentin tarkkuudella, alle 1 % peittävyydet 0,1 % tarkkuudella. Kaikki koealan alueella esiintyneet putkilokasvilajit inventoitiin, mukaan lukien ruutujen ulkopuoliset kasvit. Pohjakerroksen (sammalet, jäkälät) lajeista ja muista taksoneista inventoitiin vain pieni ennalta sovittu joukko (ks. maastotyöohje).\n\n## Puustomittaukset\n\n300 m² koeala on jaettu tarvittaessa erillisiksi metsikkökuvioiksi. Metsätalousmaalla jako on tehty kasvupaikan, puuston ja käsittelyhistorian perusteella. Koealan alueelle osuvat muut kuin metsätalousmaahan kuuluvat maaluokat on rajattu vastaavasti omiksi kuvioikseen. \n\nKuviolta kirjatut tiedot ovat maaluokkakohtaisia. Pääosa niistä koskee metsä- kitu- ja joutomaan kuvioita. Metsätalousmaalla metsikkökuvion vähimmäispinta-ala on Etelä-Suomessa vähintään 0,25 ha ja Pohjois-Suomessa 0,5 ha.\n\nKoko metsikkökuviota koskien on kirjattu maaperää, kasvupaikkaa ja käsittelyhistoriaa kuvaavia muuttujia. Kuvion luonnontilaisuutta on arvioitu suhteessa puuston rakenteeseen, lahopuujatkumoon ja ihmisen toimintaan.\n\nMetsämaakuvioiden puusto on kuvattu puujaksoittain korkeintaan kahdelta puujaksolta. Kullekin jaksolle on mitattu omat, koko jaksoa kuvaavat puustotunnukset (pohjapinta-ala, keskipituus, jakson ikä, ym.) Taimikehitysluokan jaksoille on mitattu lisäksi runkoluvut. Myös mahdolliset tuhot ja tuhonaiheuttajat on kirjattu puujaksoittain.\n\nKoealan alueelta on mitattu lukupuina kaikki rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan yli 10,5 cm kokoiset puut 9,77 metrin säteeltä koealan keskipisteestä. 4,5–10,5 cm läpimittaiset puut on mitattu 5,64 metrin säteeltä. Lukupuista on kirjattu puulaji, rinnankorkeusläpimitta, puuluokka, ja latvuskerros. \n\nLukupuiden joukosta on mitattu koepuuna kunkin puulajiryhmän (mänty, kuusi, lehtipuut) ja jakson pohjapinta-alamediaanipuu. Koepuista on mitattu lukupuutunnusten lisäksi pituus, ikä ja elävän latvuksen alaraja. Männyiltä on laskettu myös neulasvuosikertojen määrä.\n\nMetsä- kitu- ja joutomaakuvioiden kaikista alle 4,5 cm paksuisista ja yli 20 cm pitkistä elävistä puista ja pensaista on laskettu runkoluku ja keskipituus 5,64 m säteeltä koealan keskipisteestä. Pienpuut on jaettu eri luokkiin puulajin perusteella ja puulajin sisällä alle 1,3 m ja yli 1,3 m pituiset puut on jaettu vielä omiin luokkiinsa. Myös muut pituusluokat olivat mahdollisia.\n\nMyös puuston ja pensaskerroksen prosentuaalinen latvuspeittävyys on arvioitu silmävaraisesti lajeittain."
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